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In philosophy, events are objects in time or instantiations of properties in objects. However, a universal definition has not been reached, as multiple theories exist concerning events. ==Kim’s property-exemplification== Jaegwon Kim theorized that events are structured. They are composed of three things: # Object(s) (), # a property () and # time or a temporal interval (). Events are defined using the operation (P, t ). A unique event is defined by two principles: :a) the existence condition and :b) the identity condition. The existence condition states “(P, t ) exists if and only if object x exemplifies the n-adic P at time t”. This means a unique event exists if the above is met. The identity condition states “(P, t ) is (Q, t` ) if and only if x=y, P=Q and t=t`]. Kim uses these to define events under five conditions: # One, they are unrepeatable, unchangeable particulars that include changes and the states and conditions of that event. # Two, they have a semi-temporal location. # Three, only their constructive property creates distinct events. # Four, holding a constructive property as a generic event creates a type-token relationship between events, and events are not limited to their three requirements (i.e. (P, t )). Critics of this theory such as Myles Brand have suggested that the theory be modified so that an event had a spatiotemporal region; consider the event of a flash of lightning. The idea is that an event must include both the span of time of the flash of lightning and the area in which it occurred. Other problems exist within Kim’s theory, as he never specified what properties were (e.g. universals, tropes, natural classes, etc.). In addition, it is not specified if properties are few or abundant. The following is Kim’s response to the above. There is also a major debate about the essentiality of a constitutive object. There are two major questions involved in this: If one event occurs, could it have occurred in the same manner if it were another person, and could it occur in the same manner if it would have occurred at a different time? Kim holds that neither are true and that different conditions (i.e. a different person or time) would lead to a separate event. However, some consider it natural to assume the opposite. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Event (philosophy)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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